Information Systems

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems#Types_of_information_systems

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_collaborative_software

See also:

• Team Building > Collaborative Software

Information Systems Glossary

System

An interconnected graph of nodes linked with edges through which flow produces predictable and unpredictable behaviors.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System

Infrastructure

Core system components.

Information

Not noise.

See: Data Science > Information Theory, Knowledge Engineering

Information System

A system with information inputs and outputs designed to solve a problem.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system

Information Technology

Hardware and software information systems for solving business problems.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology

Application

An application of technology for a particular domain.

App

See Application

Operating System

Software for running applications and working with devices.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

API

Advanced Programming Interface. A specification for inputs and outputs provided by a system component.

An API specification is specified, versioned, updated, and deprecated.

A reference implementation implements a model copy of an API.

If a component utilizes an API it is said to be written against, with, or on top of said API.

An API abstracts a lower-level in order to provide a higher-level API.

One primary advantage of an API is that, ideally, system components are loosely coupled and thus interchangeable and incrementally upgradeable.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_coupling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)

Operating System API

An API provided by one or more Operating Systems.

Examples:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API

Language API

An API provided by or for one or more programming languages through a standard library or a third-party component.

Examples:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interface

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(object-oriented_programming)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_library

Web API

An API for interacting with local (browser) or remote (e.g. HTTP) components.

One primary advantage of a Web API is that downstream components do not need to know anything about the underlying Operating System APIs and Language APIs.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_API

Web Service

A Web API with a formal specification.

Generally provided over HTTP, traditionally (as in the enterprisey WS-* standards) with XML, but, more recently, with JSON.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service

Webhook

A webhook is an HTTP message for an event.

web services and applications can send webhooks when e.g. a change occurs.

For example, when GitHub, ReadTheDocs, and Travis-CI are configured (with webhooks) a change pushed to a GitHub repository branch or pull request enqueues a build at e.g. ReadTheDocs and/or Travis-CI (and GitHub can show the build status as a linked icon).

In terms of web services, a webhook is usually just a JSON POST to a URL; with an access token.

RESTful API

A RESTful API (REST API) is a Web API that abides by best-practice guidelines for interacting with resources through standard HTTP methods like PUT/POST, GET, POST/PUT, DELETE.

Many web developers prefer RESTful APIs because the standard methods and error messages specified by HTTP are already implemented by existing, well-tested libraries available for most languages.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete

Criteria

seeAlso:

• Computer Science Curricula (Criteria)

• Information Security (Risk)

ROI

The investment should be justified by gains in productivity & efficiency.

Productivity & Efficiency:

output / input
returns / costs

Units and ratios:

• Hours

• Dollars

• Units: e.g. QUDT URIs (RDF)

widgets / hours ---**---> widgets/hour

** curves

reduction in {risk, error, loss} / time spent on {workflow, automation}

seeAlso:

• Business > ROI

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency

Need / Want

Communication and collaboration are essential to success.

Maintainability

Choosing Components

• In n-years, will I be able to find someone who can maintain this?

  • Locally? Globally?

  • Job listing keyword search [rough approximation]

  • Job board search

• In n-years, will there still be a community supporting these components?

• Is it open source? How do we find/pay/train someone to understand how it works?

• Is there a non-profit software foundation behind this component?

Clouds

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#Service_models

Cloud Questions

• Why would I want to run my business “in the cloud”?

• What are our core competencies?

• Do we need/want to run this all ourselves?

• Would it be more safe/secure to outsource the management of these business systems?

Cloud Application Layers

• Applications Layer

  • https://github.com/wrdrd/wrd/blob/master/app.yaml (AppEngine/AppScale)

• Platform Layer

  • PaaS APIs (AppEngine, AppScale, Heroku)

  • Databases (Relational Databases, SQL, NoSQL Databases, Graph Databases, RDF Triplestores, SPARQL)

  • Authz: Authentication, Authorization

    • Servers: OpenLDAP, 389, FreeIPA, ActiveDirectory, Samba4

    • Standards: WebID, OAuth, SASL, SAML, LDAP

    • Infrastructure Layer: OpenStack Keystone

  • Email

    • AppEngine/AppScale Email API

  • Logging / Monitoring

    • AppEngine/AppScale Logging

    • Sentry, Raven (POST JSON)

    • FireLogger

  • Message Queue (Task Queue, Channels, WebSockets, AMQP, Worker Pools)

    • Celery: https://celery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting-started/brokers/

    • AppEngine/AppScale Tasks API

    • Mesos schedulers (Aurora, Chronos, Marathon)

  • Search Indexing (JSON, JSON-LD, JSON-LD)

    • ElasticSearch (Lucene), Solr

    • AppEngine/AppScale Search API

  • Big Data storage and data local iterators:

    • MapReduce, Bulk Synchronous Parallel

    • HDFS, DDFS

    • Hadoop, Spark, Cassandra, Accumulo

    • Mesos

    • Ibis

  • HTTP Object Storage

    • Libcloud (https://libcloud.readthedocs.io/en/latest/storage/)

    • Amazon Amazon AWS S3

    • OpenStack Swift (Swift, S3 APIs)

    • Linux: Ceph RADOS Gateway (Swift, S3 APIs)

    • Linux, OS X, POSIX: GlusterFS (Swift, S3 APIs)

• Infrastructure Layer (“provisioning”)

  • Resource Pool (“instances” of {virtual machines, containers, task workers})

    • Cobbler (Libvirt Virtualization)

    • Docker Swarm

    • Kubernetes Docker pods

    • Kubernetes-Mesos: Mesos schedulers and Kubernetes Docker pods

    • Mesos schedulers (Aurora, Chronos, Marathon)

    • OpenStack

  • Inventory / Monitoring

    • #ConfigMgmt: Packages

    • #ConfigMgmt: Ansible, Puppet, Salt, Configuration Management

    • #ConfigMgmt #Instances: Cobbler Web Dashboard

    • #ConfigMgmt #Instances: OpenStack Horizon Dashboard

    • #Inventory: Cobbler JSON, Salt Grains, Puppet Facts, osquery SQL tables

    • #Monitoring: #ConfigMgmt events

    • #Monitoring: Nagios, Shinken, Icinga

    • #Monitoring: Monitd, Collectd, RRD

    • #Logging: Syslog, LogStash, Heka (logtailers)

    • #Logviz: Kibana, Grafana, Graphite, RRD (Data Visualization Tools)

    • #PRF: http://www.brendangregg.com/linuxperf.html

    • Docs: https://www.opsschool.org/en/latest/

  • Physical and Virtual Servers (“servers”, “racks”, “machines”)

    • #ConfigMgmt: Configuration Management (“infrastructure as code”, shell-escaping, task queues / ESBs, Distributed Computing Protocols, #Logging, worker pools)

    • Virtualization (full / para-virtualization)

    • Operating Systems (“OS”)

    • Manual Testing – PEBKAM (Between Keyboard and Monitor)

    • Computer Engineering (“computer”, #power AC/DC, BIOS, NIC, Ethernet, USB, RS232 Serial Console, KVM switch)

  • Physical and Software Networks

    • Internet connections

    • VLANs, IPv6 6to4 tunnels

    • SDN — Software Defined Networking

      • OpenStack Neutron

      • Docker networking

      • Docker Swarm networking

      • Vagrant networking

      • VirtualBox networking

    • DNS (BIND, dnsmasq, Cobbler, OpenStack, Vagrant, Docker)

  • Physical and Virtual Storage

    • Virtual storage:

      • Central file storage (NFS, CIFS, WebDAV)

      • distributed file storage: (Ceph, GlusterFS)

      • persistent block storage: (Amazon AWS S3, OpenStack Cinder)

      • on-disk filesystems: (ext4, LVM, btrfs, NTFS, FAT, HFS+)

    • Physical storage

      • SAN – Storage Area Network (iSCSI, Fibre Channel, persistent block storage)

      • NAS – Network Attached Storage (FreeNAS, Synology, Network Filesystems, iSCSI)

      • Data Device Bus: (USB, SATA, SCSI, IDE, ATA Hard Drives)

    • Power, HVAC, Fire Suppression

      • #HVAC: Cooling (Active / Passive)

      • #HVAC: Heating (Active / Passive)

      • #Fire: Sprinklers

      • #Fire: Fire Extinguishers

        • Class A Fire Extinguisher – silver – water

        • Class C Fire Extinguisher – red – chemicals (e.g. CO2)

          Do not pour water on an electrical fire until you have switched off the power source at the circuit breaker box.

        • Novels/films: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Sphere

        • How to Extinguish a Fire at the Initial Stages: http://www.wikihow.com/Extinguish-a-Fire-at-the-Initial-Stages

          • Extinguishing Electrial Fires: Red Class C Extinguisher

          • Extinguishing Liquid/Oil Fires

          • Extinguishing Organic Fires

      • #Power: Power supplies (AC –> DC conversion)

      • #Power: Batteries (AC –> DC –> Batteries –> AC/DC)

      • #Power: Generators

      • #Power: Generator fuel for the generators

      • #Power: Renewable energy, Clean Energy, Sustainable Energy

SaaS

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_service_provider

SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) is a service provision, application lifecycle, and recurring billing model for providing hosted applications.

Examples of SaaS:

• ReadTheDocs is a SaaS which can integrate with GitHub (also a SaaS offering) through Webhooks:

• Travis-CI is a SaaS Continuous Integration service which pulls and builds from a GitHub repository upon receipt of a Webhook, that is free for Open Source projects

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_CI

• Google Gmail is a SaaS webmail service:

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail

• Many Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software applications are offered as SaaS subscription services

• See: Business Modeling

  SaaS is distinct from e.g. subscription software licensing; because SaaS applications are usually hosted by the service provider

PaaS

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_service

PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service) platforms offer platform APIs on top of which applications can be developed and marginally scaled if designed and developed for concurrency and asynchronicity.

Examples of PaaS Platforms:

• AppEngine

• AppScale

• Deis

• https://github.com/progrium/dokku – dokku is an extremely minimal (no firewall, etc.) “Docker powered mini-Heroku in around 100 lines of Bash” (see also: bashreduce)

  • https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9054503 – The original dokku developer now works with Deis

  • https://github.com/dokku-alt/dokku-alt – dokku-alt is a fork of dokku

• https://github.com/flynn/flynn

• Heroku

AppEngine

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Engine

Homepage: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/

Twitter: https://twitter.com/googlecloud

Project: https://code.google.com/p/googleappengine/

Source: svn http://googleappengine.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/python appengine

Source: svn http://googleappengine.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/java appenginejava

Source: hg https://code.google.com/p/appengine-go/

Source: git https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/appengine-php

Docs: https://developers.google.com/appengine/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/java/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/go

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/php

Docs: https://code.google.com/p/googleappengine/issues/list

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/nodejs/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/docs/

Google AppEngine is an PaaS platform for developing and scaling web applications written in Python, Java, Go, and PHP.

• AppEngine applications can interface with Google Cloud Platform Web APIs

AppScale

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppScale

Homepage: http://www.appscale.com/

Twitter: https://twitter.com/appscalecloud

Download: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/releases

Source: git https://github.com/AppScale/appscale

Source: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/tree/master/AppDB/cassandra

Docs: https://github.com/appscale/appscale/wiki

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/Installing-AppScale-from-source-on-GitHub

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/AppScale-on-Google-Compute-Engine

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/AppScale-on-Amazon-EC2

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/AppScale-on-Eucalyptus

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/AppScale-on-Eucalyptus

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/AppScale-on-VirtualBox

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/AppScale-on-KVM

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/Virtualized-Cluster

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/Autoscaling-Triggers

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/Adding-Support-for-a-New-Database

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/Search-API-in-AppScale

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/Logging-in-AppScale

Docs: https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/Managing-Users

AppScale is a completely Open Source PaaS platform for developing and scaling web applications written in Python, Java, Go, and PHP.

• AppScale Python apps deploy applications from app.yaml YAML files; just like AppEngine

• AppScale development supporters include Google and NSF: http://googlecloudplatform.blogspot.com/2015/05/AppScale-and-App-Engine-Work-Together-to-Provide-Infrastructure-Flexibility.html

• AppScale applications can interface with AppScale implementations of AppEngine Google Cloud Platform Web APIs

adapted from https://github.com/AppScale/appscale/wiki/How-AppScale-implements-the-Google-App-Engine-APIs

AppEngine API	AppScale implementation
Datastore	AppDB { Cassandra, Thrift, Protocol Buffers }
Memcache	memcached
URL Fetch	urllib2
Blobstore API	custom server built on Tornado
XMPP	ejabberd
Channel API	ejabberd and strophejs
Mail	sendmail
Images	Python Imaging Library (PIL)
Task Queue	RabbitMQ
Cron	Vixie Cron
Search	SOLR
CloudSQL	MySQL
Users	AppScale Dashboard

Deis

Homepage: http://deis.io/

Source: git https://github.com/deis/deis

Source: https://github.com/deis/deis/blob/master/Makefile

Source: https://github.com/deis/deis/blob/master/Vagrantfile

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/toctree/#toctree

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/installing_deis/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/installing_deis/aws/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/installing_deis/baremetal/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/installing_deis/gce/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/installing_deis/openstack/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/installing_deis/rackspace/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/installing_deis/vagrant/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/understanding_deis/concepts/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/understanding_deis/architecture/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/understanding_deis/components/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/using_deis/deploy-application/

Docs: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/using_deis/using-buildpacks/

Deis is an Open Source PaaS platform built on Docker and CoreOS written in Python and Go.

• Apps are deployed to Deis with Git (git push) or the deis CLI client.

• Configuration Management is useful but not necessary for provisioning Deis (e.g. creating and managing custom deis images and containers with extra libraries and configuration).

• Deis builds with Make, Docker Dockerfiles, and CoreOS.

  • https://github.com/deis/deis/blob/master/controller/Dockerfile

  • https://github.com/deis/deis/blob/master/controller/requirements.txt

  • https://github.com/deis/deis/blob/master/database/Dockerfile

  • https://github.com/deis/deis/blob/master/store/Makefile

  • https://github.com/deis/deis/tree/master/tests

• Deis can work with the Linux Ceph filesystem.

  • Deis supports Heroku Buildpacks: http://docs.deis.io/en/latest/using_deis/using-buildpacks/#included-buildpacks

    • Ruby, Node.js, Java, Gradle, Grails, Play, Python, PHP, Clojure, Scala, Go

    • buildpacks are composable: https://github.com/heroku/heroku-buildpack-multi

• Deis can scale to n instance of containers per process (e.g. web):

  deis scale web=3
  

See also: Heroku, Kubernetes, Kubernetes-Mesos

Heroku

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroku

Homepage: https://www.heroku.com/

Twitter: https://twitter.com/heroku

Source: https://github.com/heroku

Docs: https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/git

Heroku is a PaaS Platform.

Deis supports Heroku Buildpacks.

IaaS

WikipediaCategory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cloud_infrastructure

Infrastructure-as-a-Service providers provide a bit more than regular hosting services in that they offer something like virtual datacenter resource pools: servers, networks, and redundant storage systems on top of which IT systems can be developed, tested, and deployed.

Examples of IaaS:

• Amazon AWS

• Google Cloud

• Rackspace Cloud

• Libcloud implements a Python language api over very many IaaS and PaaS clouds: https://libcloud.readthedocs.io/en/latest/supported_providers.html

Amazon AWS

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Block_Store

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_S3

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Relational_Database_Service

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_CloudFront

Homepage: https://aws.amazon.com/

Twitter: https://twitter.com/awscloud

Docs: https://aws.amazon.com/products/

Docs: https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/

Docs: https://aws.amazon.com/ebs/pricing/

Docs: https://aws.amazon.com/s3/pricing/

Docs: https://aws.amazon.com/rds/pricing/

Docs: https://aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/pricing/

Docs: https://aws.amazon.com/cloudformation/

• EC2 – Elastic Compute Cloud (CPU/GPU/RAM instances)

• EBS – Elastic Block Store (persistent block storage)

• S3 – Simple Storage Service (HTTP object storage)

• SQS – Simple Queue Server

• CloudFormation – EC2 [auto-]scaling

• CloudFront – CDN

• RDS: Managed MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, PostgreSQL

• DynamoDB: NoSQL Databases supercolumn cloud datastore

Python and AWS

• boto, Libcloud

Google Cloud

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Compute_Engine

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging

Homepage: https://cloud.google.com/

Twitter: https://twitter.com/googlecloud

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/products/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/compute/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/container-engine/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/dns/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/datastore/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/storage/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/sql/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/

Docs: https://cloud.google.com/dataflow/

Google Cloud Platform (GCP) is an IaaS cloud platform.

• AppEngine – PaaS

• Compute Engine (GCE) – IaaS

  • KVM, SDN

• Container Engine (GCE) – IaaS

  • Kubernetes, Docker

• CloudSQL (MySQL)

Python and Google Cloud

• Libcloud

• https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/tutorials/python-guide

• https://github.com/westurner/dotfiles/blob/master/etc/bash/08-bashrc.gcloud.sh

Rackspace Cloud

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rackspace_Cloud

Homepage: https://www.rackspace.com/cloud

Twitter: https://twitter.com/Rackspace

Docs: http://docs.rackspace.com/

Rackspace Cloud is an IaaS cloud platform built with OpenStack.

• Rackspace CloudFiles is now OpenStack Swift.

• Rackspace Cloud is powered by OpenStack.

• Cloud Servers – OpenStack Compute

• Cloud Load Balancers

• Cloud DNS

• Cloud Networks

• Cloud Block Storage – OpenStack Cinder

• Cloud Files – OpenStack Swift

• CDN

• Cloud Databases (MySQL)

• Cloud Big Data (Hadoop)

• Cloud Queues

• Rackspace Auto Scale

• Rackspace Private Cloud v4, v9, v10 (OpenStack)

Python and Rackspace Cloud

• Libcloud

• https://developer.rackspace.com/sdks/python/

• https://github.com/rackspace/pyrax

Configuration Management

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_management#Software

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_configuration_management

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software

See: Tools > Configuration Managment

Information Security

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security

Managing risk and uncertainty.

Standards:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_on_Auditing_Standards_No._70:_Service_Organizations

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_Assurance_Level

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing_security

See: WebSec

Confidentiality

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentiality

Integrity

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity

Availability

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-level_agreement

Business Continuity

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_continuity_planning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recovery

See: Information Security (Availability)

Backups

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup

Reliability

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)

Scenarios

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenario_planning

Business Systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_office_suite

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_office_suites

Google Apps

• $5/user/month // $50/user/year

• gmail (e.g. username@example.org)

  • can add aliases (e.g. webmaster@example.org -> username@example.org)

  • can setup forwarding (e.g. username@example.org -> username@gmail.com)

• mail, contacts, chat, calendar, drive, docs, sheets, slides, groups, sites

  • drive: online storage

  • sites: (e.g. employees.example.org)

    • update through web interface

    • file sharing (employee handbook pdf)

  • groups: [employee] emailing list

    • don’t need accounts for every employee, they can use their own email addresses (everything gets relayed)

    • basically like archived emails with always on reply-all

• http://google.com/a

• http://learn.googleapps.com/

• https://www.google.com/enterprise/marketplace/

Handling Money

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_processing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standard

Accounting

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_statement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_valuation

GNUCash

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GnuCash

• Free and Open Source

• Personal Accounting

• Small Business Accounting

Quicken

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicken

• Personal Accounting

• USA Version

• International Versions

QuickBooks

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickBooks

• Small Business Accounting

• Square integrates with QuickBooks

• http://www.google.com/enterprise/marketplace/search?query=quickbooks

Payments

Amazon Payments

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Payments

Apple Pay

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pay

Google Wallet

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wallet

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Checkout

PayPal

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal

Square

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square,_Inc.

https://squareup.com/

• Square Reader (plugs into headphone jack)

• Square Stand (point of sale)

• Square Register (iOS & Android app)

• Square Market (online store)

• Square Appointments (online scheduling)

• Square Feedback (customer feedback)

• Square Analytics (sales reporting)

• Square Capital (business funding)

• Square Invoices (online invoicing)

• Square Payroll (employee payroll)

Sales

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_process_engineering

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_information_management

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_management

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_pipeline

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_intelligence

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_force_management_system

See: CRM

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_management

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_list

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_book

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_manager

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt-in_email

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailing_list

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service#See_also

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CRM_systems

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_intelligence

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_experience

Business Intelligence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_intelligence

See: Data Science

See: Knowledge Engineering